EXPOSURE

Exposure in Photography refers to the film or digital sensor being exposed to the correct amount of light to produce an image with detail in the dark areas (shadows) and detail in the bright areas (highlights).

The key to correct exposure is the light meter, hand-held or built into the camera, all modern cameras have built-in light meters that measure the light entering the lens and sets the Aperture (f-stop) and shutter speed automatically, all of this is done when you press the shutter button.

Some cameras give you the option to set the exposure manually, you can be creative setting the aperture to control depth of field and setting shutter speeds to freeze action or blurring the image to exaggerate motion (use slow shutter speeds.)

THE SHUTTER

The Camera has a device that determines the length of time film or a digital sensor is exposed to light, this device is called the Shutter.
Some shutters are built into the lens, some are built into the Camera body, in front of the Film Plane (Film cameras) or light sensitive electronic sensor (Digital cameras), all are activated by depressing the shutter release button, Shutter speeds can be as slow as 30 sec. and as fast as 1/4000 sec.

THE APERTURE

The Iris Diaphragm is located in the middle of the lens, when the diaphragm is wide open you get the maximum amount of light on the film or Digital Sensor, closing down the diaphragm reduces the amount of light on the film or Digital Sensor.

The opening in the diaphragm is called the Aperture and the size of the Aperture is indicated by a "f" number, f/1.4 is a very wide aperture that is great for Portrait Photography while f/22 is a very small aperture, great for Landscape/Scenic Photography.

This Video demonstrates very well the function of Shutter and Aperture, the Video is two minutes and twenty-two seconds long.

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THIS IS HOW THE LENS IS MADE

This Video shows you how Optical glass lenses for the Camera are made, from a block of Optical glass to the finished product six weeks later. The Video is nine minutes and twenty seconds long.

DEPTH OF FIELD

Depth of field is about how much of the picture is in sharp focus, and how much of the picture is not in focus. If a subject is in sharp focus then objects in front of and behind the subject, may also be in acceptable focus, this in-focus area is the depth of field.

If you are doing Landscape Photography you would want the total picture in sharp focus, from foreground to background (see this in the above photo.) however if you are doing Portrait Photography you would want the subject in sharp focus and the background out of focus.

To have maximum depth of field, everything in sharp focus, you must set the lens to it's smallest aperture (lens opening) f/16 or f/22, this is good for Landscapes etc. At the opposite end with the aperture set to f/2.8 depth of field may be a distance of a few feet. (selective focus) this is good for portraits.

The aperture you select is important to depth of field settings, so too is distance, the further away you focus from the camera position, the more the depth of field. For Scenic, Landscape Photography, focus on a point one third into the picture, this means if the most distant object in the picture (Infinity) is one mile away from the camera, focus on a point one third of a mile away.
Never focus on Infinity.

ABOUT ZOOM LENSES.

If you are thinking about buying a Digital Camera with a zoom lens, try to get a 3X Optical Zoom that is 28mm on the wide end (35mm photography), and 105mm on the tele end(35mm photography). 28mm is the perfect lens for People (group shots)and Landscapes, and 105 mm is the perfect Portrait lens.

A 5X Zoom is great,so is a 10X and 12X Zoom Lens, but a good 3X is adequate for regular picture taking. One Digital Camera features a 12X zoom lens, this is equivalent to a 36 to 432mm Zoom lens in 35mm film photography.

Before there were Zoom lenses there were Prime lenses with a single fixed focal length, a good example is the 50mm prime lens shown above, also called a normal lens because objects viewed through this lens have the same perspective as those seen with the naked eye . This lens is used in 35mm film photography.

A Digital Zoom lens that zooms from 28 mm to 105 mm is really five lenses in one. you get:

• 28mm
• 35mm
• 50mm
• 85mm
• 105mm
  

A 28mm is a true wide angle lens, a 105 mm is a true Portrait lens, you also get all the focal lengths between them, (29-34mm) etc.